AP 준비하기 (4) 이정표적인 사건? 기록이 기억을 지배한다
100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives라는 부제를 달고 있는 Our Documents (Oxford 출판사)라는 제목의 책이 있다. 말 그대로 역사적으로 중요한 이정표적인 사건에서 핵심이 되는 문서들을 선정한 책이다. 이 책이 모아 놓은 1차 문헌들을 읽는 데에는, 마치 뉴스나 티브이를 통해 정치인의 연설을 접하는 듯, 역사적 핵심사건을 “원저자”의 목소리를 통해 접할 수 있다는 장점이 있다.
가령, Federalist Papers No. 10 & No. 51 (1787-1788). 1787년 미국의 제헌의회 (Constitutional Convention)가 새롭게 건설한 미국의 헌법을 통과시킨 후에도, 헌법의 비준을 둘러싼 진통은 끊이지 않았다. 중앙집권적 권력을 강화한 연방 정부를 주장하는 연방주의자들 (Federalists-- 주의할 점: 1790년대에 정당이 된 연방당과는 반드시 일치하지 않는다)과는 달리, 각 주의 자유와 권한을 연방정부에 우선시했던 State Righter들은 각 주의 헌법에 들어가 있는 것과 같이 주의 권한을 명시한 내용을 포함하여Bill of Rights를 헌법에 앞서 먼저 비준하라고 요구했던 것. 이에 대한 답변이 바로 Federalist Papers로 도출되었다는 식으로 공부해두면 생생하다. 다음 문헌들은 그 중에서도 추리고 추린 배경, 작성자, 역사적 함의, 귀결 등은 반드시 잘 정리해둘 것을 권한다.
•독립혁명 및 건국
Lee Resolution (1776), Declaration of Independence (1776), Articles of Confederation (1777), Treaty of Alliance with France (1778), Treaty of Paris (1783), Virginia Plan (1787), Northwest Ordinance (1787), Constitution of the United States (1787), Federalist Papers No. 10 & No. 51 (1787-1788), Bill of Rights (1791)
•초창기 미국
President George Washington's Farewell Address (1796), Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), Jefferson's Secret Message to Congress Regarding the Lewis & Clark Expedition (1803), Louisiana Purchase Treaty (1803), Marbury v. Madison (1803), Monroe Doctrine (1823)
•영토 팽창과 노예제를 둘러싼 갈등
Missouri Compromise (1820), President Andrew Jackson's Message to Congress 'On Indian Removal' (1830), Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), Compromise of 1850 (1850), Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
•남북전쟁과 재건
Telegram Announcing the Surrender of Fort Sumter (1861), Homestead Act , (1862), Pacific Railway Act (1862), Morrill Act (1862),Emancipation Proclamation (1863), Gettysburg Address (1863), Wade-Davis Bill (1864), 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865), 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Civil Rights (1868), 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Voting Rights (1870)
•19세기 후반
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), Pendleton Act (1883), Interstate Commerce Act (1887), Dawes Act (1887), Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
•제국주의 (American Imperialism) 및 1차 대전
Platt Amendment (1903), Theodore Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1905), Zimmermann Telegram (1917), Joint Address to Congress Leading to a Declaration of War Against Germany (1917), President Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points (1918)
•20세기 초반 혁신주의 (Progressivism)
16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Federal Income Tax (1913), 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913), Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 (1916), 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote (1920)
•뉴딜
Tennessee Valley Authority Act (1933), National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), National Labor Relations Act (1935), Social Security Act (1935), President Franklin Roosevelt's Radio Address unveiling the second half of the New Deal (1936)
•2차 대전과 미국의 참전
President Franklin Roosevelt's Annual Message (Four Freedoms) to Congress (1941), Lend-Lease Act (1941), Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry (1941), Joint Address to Congress Leading to a Declaration of War Against Japan (1941), Executive Order 9066: Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese (1942)
•냉전
Truman Doctrine (1947), Marshall Plan (1948) President John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address (1961), National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (1956), President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Farewell Address (1961), Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964)
• 민권운동
Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces (1948), Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Executive Order 10730: Desegregation of Central High School (1957), Civil Rights Act (1964), Voting Rights Act (1965)